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1. Types A Schwa On Words
2. Types A Schwa On Word

Transcript

Hi again, and welcome back to Seattle Learning Academy's American English pronunciation podcast. My name is Mandy, and this is our 161st episode.

In words with more than one syllable, not every syllable is given equal emphasis; one syllable is 'stressed.' The stressed syllable is said louder, for more time, and often at a higher pitch than the other syllables of a word. When learning a new vocabulary word, it's always a good idea to identify the stressed syllable of that word, because, as you will see, we can't understand the phonics of a word until we know where the stressed syllable is. This is because a stressed syllable controls all the other syllables of a word. Today we're going to focus on the syllable next to the stressed syllable. Why? Because of a concept called 'schwa.' Schwa is a quick reduced vowel sound that is often pronounced similar to a quick short u sound. Schwa occurs most often on an unstressed syllable that is next to a stressed syllable. If I don't know where the stressed syllable of a word is, I won't know how to find schwa.

Shwa is displayed as ə, and can be entered in Word by typing 0259 and then pressing Alt-x. Alternatively, you can press Alt-0601 using the digits on a numeric keypad (it won’t work with the numbers on the main keyboard). The schwa is a sound that is represented by all of the vowels. It makes the / uh / sound, but lazier and not as pronounced. I would also argue it sometimes sounds like /i/ depending on how you pronounce words. I actually pronounce wagon like wagin, not wagun.

In addition to stressed syllables and syllables reduced to schwa, there are also secondarily stressed syllables, but I'm going to save that topic for another episode.

Before I continue, let me remind you that you can find the transcript for this episode by going to www.pronuncian.com/podcast. Also, we'll link to the Pronuncian.com lesson regarding schwa from this episode's transcript page. So if you want to learn more, that's the place to go!

When a syllable is stressed, it's really only the vowel portion of the syllable that is stressed. So, when we talk about syllable stress, we're going to focus on the vowel sound. In a multi-syllable word, the vowel sound of the stressed syllable is the most likely syllable to be phonetic. In other words, that syllable is the most likely to be pronounced how we expect based on its spelling. This makes the pronunciation more predictable. What happens to the other syllables? Well, this is where schwa comes into the picture.

The reduced vowel sound, schwa, usually sounds like a very quick short u sound (short u), and, as I said, it usually occurs on syllables adjacent to the stressed syllable of a word. The thing to understand is that it can have any spelling, though the letters a, o, and u are the most likely to sound closest to a short u.

To begin with, let's listen to a few 2-syllable nouns, then a few 2-syllable verbs. There is a general pattern that 2-syllable nouns are stressed on the first syllable, and 2-syllable verbs are stressed on the second syllable. This general pattern works for between 80% and 90% of the 2-syllable nouns and verbs in English. To keep it simple today, we'll only look at words that follow this pattern.

Let's begin with nouns. Each of these nouns are stressed on the first syllable. The vowel sound of the second syllable of these words is reduced to a very quick (schwa), no matter how that vowel is spelled. Listen closely. I'll say the word as a whole unit first, then I'll break it in to syllables, then I'll say the whole word again:

problem, prob-lem, problem
wisdom, wis-dom, wisdom
salad, sal-ad, salad
custom, cus-tom, custom
system, sys-tem, system
method, meth-od, method
balance, bal-ance, balance
circus, cir-cus, circus

And here are some 2-syllable verbs. We've chosen words that all follow the pattern of being stressed on the second syllable. I'll say these words in the same pattern of the whole word, then by syllable, and then as the whole word again:

provide, pro-vide, provide
complete, com-plete, complete
observe, ob-serve, observe
assume, a-ssume, assume
succeed, suc-ceed, succeed
agree, a-gree, agree
compare, com-pare, compare
contain, con-tain, contain

Schwa is a part of pronunciation that my students have a hard time trusting. It seems unnatural to allow the vowel sound to be so small in these words. Practice pronouncing these words using that very tiny (schwa) in the unstressed syllables. Learn what it sounds like and what it feels like. That way, when we have a word that breaks the rules, a word like tattoo that has no reduced syllables, you can trust what you're hearing, and then you can trust what you're saying.

To help you, I'm going to say the 2-syllable nouns and verbs that we used as examples one more time. I'll leave time for you to repeat after me.

Here are the nouns:

problem
wisdom
salad
custom
system
method
balance
circus

And here are the verbs:

provide
complete
observe
assume
succeed
agree
compare
contain

To learn more about schwa, and for more practice using it, consider purchasing a copy of Pronunciation Pages 2. In addition to the schwa lesson, this book also includes exercises to help you practice schwa in 2-syllable and 3-syllable words. Pronuncian subscribers have access to these same exercises from the schwa lesson wen logged into their account. Find out how to purchase your copy of Pronunciation Pages 2 or how to join Pronuncian by going to www.pronuncian.com/products or click 'Join Pronuncian' on Pronuncian.com.

That's all for today everyone. This has been a Seattle Learning Academy digital publication. Seattle Learning Academy is where the world comes to learn.

Thanks for listening.

Bye-bye.

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What is the most common vowel sound in the English language? If you said long or short /e/, you are wrong. The most common vowel letter is ‘e’ but the most common vowel sound is the sound /uh/ (like the sound someone makes when trying to think of a word). It sounds like the short /u/ sound, but is softer and weaker. It is the only speech sound with its own special name: schwa. It can be a cause of confusion and frustration in spelling and reading for a student so, in this blog, I’ll give you a simple way to explain it and some tips for helping students to decode and encode words containing a schwa.

It’s All About Rhythm

The English language is stress-timed. In an English sentence, the words that communicate the most important parts of a message (the nouns, main verbs, adjectives and adverbs) are stressed. e.g.

Function words (auxiliary verbs, pronouns, articles, conjunctions and prepositions) are not usually stressed, in order to maintain a regular rhythm in the language. For the same reason, words of more than one syllable have both stressed (strong) and unstressed (weak) syllables. For example, in the word:

the second syllable is stressed and, consequently, louder. We record this with a stress mark (ˊ) after/pointing to the stressed syllable.

Unstressed Vowels

Types A Schwa On Words

Unstressed words and syllables are usually said faster and at a lower volume than stressed words or syllables. As a result, the vowel sound in an unstressed word or syllable can lose its purity. In Level 1 of Phonics Hero (access free resources with Teacher Account here), students learn the tricky word ‘the‘, and in Level 2 they learn ‘a‘. These words are articles, so they are unaccented, and the unaccented vowel in each of these words sounds like /uh/. We don’t hear the expected ‘long e’ or ‘long a’ sound. Schwa is the most common vowel sound in the English language because most unstressed vowels are pronounced as a schwa.

The Lazy Sound

The word ‘schwa’ comes from Hebrew and children usually enjoy saying it. Schwa is related to the short vowel sounds because it can be spelled by any of them, including the semi-vowel ‘y’. I like to refer to it as the ‘lazy’ vowel cousin. You hardly open your mouth to create this vowel sound. The tongue, the lips and the jaw are relaxed. The schwa sound is represented by a /Ə/ in the Phonetic Alphabet (like an upside down ‘e’ or an ‘e’ too lazy to sit up!) It takes very little time to say in a word – so little that we, on occasion, lazily skip right over it when saying a word (e.g. the second ‘o’ in ‘chocolate’ or the first ‘e’ in ‘different’) or don’t even represent it when spelling (e.g. the vowel sound between ‘-th-‘ and ‘-m’ in ‘rhythm’).

Types A Schwa On Word

Dialect

A schwa can replace an r-controlled vowel like /er/ when it makes up an unstressed syllable, e.g. ‘letter’. Australians are renowned for making this replacement. Listen to an Australian say:

When to Introduce Schwa?

I believe it is particularly important to explicitly teach EALD students, and students struggling with learning difficulties in reading and spelling, the schwa feature of the English language. Introduce it once they are reading and writing two-syllable words. These are included in Part 2 of Phonics Hero, The Advanced Code, and, of course, there are many in Part 3. You may have to explain it earlier if students struggle with tricky words containing schwa in Part 1 such as ‘the’, ‘a’, ‘today’, ‘of’, ‘away’.

Suggested Sequence for Teaching Schwa

1) Teach the concept of ‘stress’ at sentence level first

Have students say a sentence, tapping their leg as they say stressed words. Have them mark the stressed words in written sentences with a stress mark (ˊ). Awareness of this will become very useful in poetry study in later years. Talk about the types of words that are stressed and the types of words that are not stressed.

2) Make the link between schwa and unstressed vowels at word level

Have students write the schwa symbol over the vowel in the unstressed words they identified.

3) Teach the sound of schwa

Courtney Bartlett (swimmingintosecond.com) has written a schwa song to the tune of ‘The wheels on the bus go round and round’. This is my adaptation for young students:

Substitute other two-syllable words for ‘away’ and ‘again’ for other verses.

4) Teach the concept of schwa at syllable level

Have students sing polysyllabic words, tapping syllable(s) on their leg. The stressed syllable(s) should be tapped with greater strength. Have them mark the stressed syllables in written words with a stress mark (ˊ). Have them write the schwa symbol above the vowel in the unstressed syllables. They should be made aware of words which have identical spelling but different stress such:

5) Teach students to try schwa for a vowel sound in reading

Teach students to try the schwa sound when a long or short vowel doesn’t sound right in a word being read. e.g., ‘I’m having a sal-ad’. After decoding the word with a ‘robot’ voice (each syllable evenly stressed), have the student place stress on one syllable (sal’) then pronounce the other with a schwa for the vowel (Əd). If this does not sound right, stress should be shifted to the next syllable.

6) Teach strategies for representing a schwa in spelling

(a) When learning the spelling of words with a schwa, encourage students to use their ‘spelling voice’. They should pronounce the unstressed vowel/syllable the way it would be pronounced if the vowel sound was stressed, with a pure sound (e.g., A, thE, SUPport).

(b) Teach students to associate base words containing a schwa with their derivatives especially when the derivative has an accented syllable in which the pure vowel sound is clearly heard e.g., president-preside, human-humanity, definition-define.

(c) Teach students to use memory joggers for words that don’t have derivatives e.g., ‘cottonon to an idea’.

7) Teach words with a common schwa representation together

e.g., ‘a’: about, amaze, away, again, around, ahead, alone
‘ain’: captain, certain, fountain, bargain

Activities to Promote Awareness of Representations of Schwa

• Word sorts of schwa words
• Word completion, with space for schwa representation
• Find the schwa – highlighting it in words
• Create a schwa wall with schwa words grouped by vowel representation. Some of the following examples are taken from Part 3 of Phonics Hero (these are in an Australian accent, so some may not apply in your dialect):
  a – comma, atlas, salad, alphabet, amount, thousand
  e – elephant, carpet, taken, telephone, item, event, prophet, destroy
  i – cousin, animal, pencil, easily, accident, confidence, promise
  o – carrot, astronaut, bottom, dinosaur, offend, ribbon, phantom
  u – rhombus, upon, supply, medium
  y – vinyl, syringe

The chances are that, like me, you managed to learn to read and spell without being explicitly taught about schwa. Schwa remains, however, an important part of the English code and all of us will have students who need to understand it in order to fully ‘crack’ that code and make maximum progress in reading and writing.

1. Great article on a topic I never see written about! Thank you! I’m sharing it out and putting a link for it inside my Reading Simplified Academy.

   • Yes, Marnie, it’s not written about very often because it’s a tricky thing to explain and to teach! Thank you for sharing 🙂

   • Yes, Marnie, it’s not written about very often because it’s a tricky thing to explain and to teach! Thank you for sharing 🙂

     • Ha! That’s probably right!

2. I agree that it is essential to teach teachers and students about the schwa sound. However, it is a difficult concept for those learning to understand. As a speech language pathologist, we are taught phonetic transcription at university as it is an essential aspect of assessing and treating children with speech sound disorders. It is also an important aspect of learning to spell English words due to the effect of stressed/unstressed syllables in English. It is difficult to teach as it requires very advanced phonemic awareness skills requiring the ability to discern different vowels sounds within the context of di- or mutlisyllabic words.So I commend you in your efforts at educating teachers.
   However, it is very important that the concept is taught with the correct examples. Advice from an experienced speech/language pathologist is advisable when utilizing a speech to print approach to written English language learning.
   Just this week, I had a public school LST whose school has embraced systematic synthetic phonics express concern about PD that was provided recently to the teachers at the school by an expert teacher regarding phonics which contained inaccurate examples of the use of the schwa, eg that the ”our” in ”colour” is a schwa sound.
   Therefore, for accuracy, I just wanted to correct some of your examples. the ”a” at the beginning of the words ”about, along, aside, again, away, etc” is actually the short ”u” sound (upside-down /v/ in phonetic transcription) the same as the sound in ”up, cup”.
   This is also the sound with /r/ controlled vowels at the end of words (eg winter, doctor, dollar) which is why children learning to spell usually spell those words as ”wintu, doctu, dollu”.
   I always initially teach children that the short ”u” sound is usually spelt with an ”a” at the beginning, ”u” in the middle and ”er” at the end of words.
   Also the ”a” in the suffix ”age” (eg damage) is a short ”i” sound and the ”u” in ”upon” is also a short ”u” vowel sound.
   As Louisa Moats stated when she was in Australia 4 years ago and presented for Learning Difficulties Australia, teachers and even speech pathologists are notoriously bad at counting/identifying sounds in words accurately.

   • Posted by Phonics Hero on behalf of Shirley Houston:

     Louisa Moats is a highly respected researcher and author and is quite correct in saying that both teachers and speech pathologists sometimes make errors in identifying and representing sounds.

     If you care to look up the word ‘about’ in any of the following dictionaries, you will see that the phonetic transcription of the first, unaccented vowel sound is a schwa: Oxford English Dictionary, Cambridge Dictionary, Collins Dictionary, Macmillan Dictionary, Merriam-Webster Dictionary. The same phonetic transcription is seen in these dictionaries for the initial sound in the words ‘along’, ‘around’ etc.

     If all of these dictionaries are correct, then you are in error when teaching your clients that the initial sound in these words is the short ‘u’ sound represented by an upside-down ‘v’. When you look up the word ‘colour’ in any dictionary, you will also see the ‘our’ represented by a schwa in phonetic transcription, followed by an r, sometimes reduced in size or in brackets, as in some dialects the ‘r’ is indeed pronounced, while in others it is not. It is the first ‘o’ that is representing the short u sound and is represented by an upside down ‘v’. You will see the same representation of ‘er’ in ‘winter’, ‘or’ in ‘doctor’ etc. The first sound in ‘upon’ is represented phonetically in dictionaries by a schwa.

     You are right in saying that the second ‘a’ in ‘damage’ is not represented by a schwa, but rather by an ‘i’, so that example has been removed from the list in this blog. Constructive feedback is appreciated.

     Shirley

3. Fantastically helpful article…I am about to embark on my ESL teaching career path…extremely well and simply explained (PS: I am Australian and that explains a lot about the difference in my accent to my American friends)

4. Great article! I noticed you mixed up the location of the stressed syllables in content (n.) vs. content (adj.), though — just so you’re aware.

5. absolutely enlightened me more on language form. Thank you ver much.
   Adil